The Zero Effect Essay Example for Free

The Zero Effect EssayThe Zero Effect Objectives * To choose topic for case count 8th March. * To proposal document 21st March. * To carry out desk look for on my chosen topic (Time amp Date) * To undertake all primary research for 17th April * To create a power point presentation by the 8th of May * To have case study report finished by the end of May. Explanation In this report I am going to write about the advantages and positive effects of surface cryptograph models in demeanor and on the catwalks and truly give them the credit they deserve. Rationale for Proposal The reason for me choosing and writing about such a controversial topic is because I intend that catwalk models are at the forefront of the fashion industry and are the first to showcase a designers creation. I feel that size cypher models get a lot of negative press and so do the fashion designers that use zero models in their shows and campaigns. I believe that size zero models should be on every catwalk i n the world whether its Prada or Primark simply because you truly get a feel for a garment and you are commensurate to see it in its true glory.I have very strong views on the size zero community within the fashion industry because they acceptt get the true publicity that they deserve and in my opinion there is nothing wrong with being size zero or having size zero on the catwalk because at the end of the day nothing tastes as good as skinny feels SQA Units D0JA11 opening to fashion DOJB11 Fashion Merchandising F57L11 Media An Introduction to the Media Industry D0XS12 Marketing Research Practice F3GB12 Communications FT8V12 Branding An Introduction

Feeling like “Other” Essay Example for Free

Feeling equal Other EssayI will be exploring a time when I felt like other, in this military position I was made to shade invisible, excluded and alike visible all at the same time. In this situation I mainly felt excluded but nonetheless I felt all of the above. My husband is Nigerian and I am African American, he attends a Nigerian church and all of the members are Nigerian. Every time I go to church with him I feel as if I am too visible because I am the only non-Nigerian person there, yes we are all black but I fuck nothing about their culture and I do not speak their language. They often sing Nigerian praise songs and do traditional dances and when this is occurring I often feel excluded and invisible because it seem like it doesnt matter if Im included since Im the only one who doesnt understand what is going on. Because of this I very rarely go to church with him, it would be nice for us to go to church together all the time but its not comfortable to feel excluded or invisible. You wouldnt think you could feel excluded or invisible around your own race but subgroups of the same race often have assorted cultures and traditions that the other doesnt understand.In a lot of cases Africans who live in America feel that African Americans have acculturated into society which is a form of assimilation wherein an ethnic or racial group or an individual takes on the cultural ways of another group, usually that of mainstream culture, often at the expense of traditional cultural ways(2014). Being African American around Africans you often get a sense of ethnocentrism from this culture in regards to language, faith and behavior. Sometimes people are not aware that they are making the other feel uncomfortable or excluded simply because they dont know how to include the other.Many people are not as culturally competent as they may think and this can cause a lot of discord between differentcultural groups. Unfortunately both groups have been marginalized, having diminished value, importance, contributions, or attributes. Because both groups notice cultural differences we feel the take aim to be guarded and defensive at all times. This does not help with communication and interaction between our cultures. One way for me to overcome this is exercising delirious intelligence which involves developing the ability to manage and appreciate differences.References(2014, November 1). Identity and Difference . Weekly Lecture. Lecture conducted from , . Harvey, C., Allard, M. J. (2011). Understanding and Managing Diversity, 5th Edition. VitalSource Bookshelf version. Retrieved from http//devry.vitalsource.com/books/9781269562744/id/ch01lev2sec22

Martin Luther And His 95 Theses

Martin Luther And His 95 ThesesNailed to the door of the Castle church service in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517 on the eve of All Saints Day (according to Philip Melanchton, Luthers colleague in Wittenberg University), Martin Luthers 95 theses paved the way for the birth of a great spiritual movement called the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation ultimately signaled the end of the Medieval Age and the inaugural of modern times.What Luther intended to be a specify of propositional statements to be debated upon over the abuses associated with the sale of the indulgences very soon became the key that unlocked the door towards the long-awaited reformation of the perform of the late Medieval Christendom.The Sale of the IndulgencesThe doctrine of indulgences is peculiar to the romish Catholic Church, unknown to the church fathers, and most importantly, to the apostles of Christ. It is basically defined as a protection of forgiveness granted by a bishop or an archbishop within his diocese for the remission of the temporal punishment of sin both on earth and in purgatory, the alleged source of which was the surplus of merit and grace accumulated through the lives of Christ, the Virgin Mary and the saints of the Church.What most particularly attracted Luthers attention in this regard was the undue preaching associated with the sale of the indulgences in Germany by a Dominican friar Johann Tetzel. Tetzel was commissi angiotensin-converting enzymed by Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg, to raise funds for the rebuilding of Saint Peters Basilica in Rome. As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, Tetzel proclaimed, the soul from purgatory springs.Luthers long quest for truth that resulted in his discovery of the biblical doctrine of defense by faith alone must have been the reason why he indignantly reacted to such a deceptive message that offered false hopes to those who bought the indulgences for themselves and their gone loved ones on account of thei r ignorance of the true gospel of Christ.The 97 Theses Before the 95 ThesesConvinced that he must challenge the traditional views purported by the Roman Catholic Church for centuries, he published a set of 97 theses to be debated in an academic setting among his colleagues at Wittenberg University. The theses attacked many of the major tenets of the Church with a clear message in mind that the gospel was entirely different from what had been commonly held.Luther expected the theses to cause a stir among the participants which in farm would allow him to divulge his great discovery. To his disappointment, they only mustered little interest.Martin Luther and His 95 ThesesDespite such a cold response to his 97 theses, Luther composed another set of theses which he called The Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of the Indulgences, now popularly known as the 95 theses. Like the 97 theses, this new set of theses was withal meant to provoke academic discussion among his colleagues in th e university. They may have been an afterthought to a letter he sent to Albrecht through which he aired his inconsistency on the sale of the indulgences.However, scholars are divided whether the Luther of the 95 theses was still a Roman Catholic clergyman at this time or already a Protestant Reformer. On the one hand, Luther appeared to have thought Pope Leo X was on his side in this matter. Some scholars even suggest (probably quest the church historian Philip Schaff) that he was not protesting against the indulgences, only when only against its abuse.On the other hand, a closer look at the document would reveal one thing for sure what Luther was up against was not simply the sale of the indulgences but its theological underpinnings. As Princeton theologian Benjamin Warfield puts it, They constitute, in point of fact, a theological document of the first importance, working out a complete and closely knit argument against, not the abuses of the indulgence traffic, and not even th e theory of indulgences, merely, but the whole sacerdotal conception of the saving process an outgrowth and embodiment of which indulgences were.While there may be apparent remainders of Roman Catholicism in the theses, they nonetheless assert the evangelical Protestant doctrine of salvation that refuted the sacerdotal system that was largely built on tradition instead of the Bible. In summary, the 95 theses proclaimed that indulgences cannot remit guilt as such a work belongs to God alone, that they are unable to make souls spring from the Purgatory, and that the truly repentant sinner has already received the forgiveness of God and is justified by faith alone.SourcesGonzalez, Justo. The Story of Christianity Volume 2. New York, NY HarperCollins Publishers, 1985.Schaff, Phillip. History of the Christian Church Volume VII. oak Harbor, WA Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997.Warfield, Benjamin Breckenridge. The Ninety-Five Theses in Their Theological Significance. The Princeton Theol ogical Review, xv. 1917, pp. 501-529.Copyright Edwin Vargas. Contact the author to obtain permission for republication.

The Bamboo And Construction With Bamboo Biology Essay

The Bamboo And Construction With Bamboo Biology EssayThe pop is at the jaws of crisis in m some(prenominal) sectors in the roughly future. One of the most important of them is the availability of shade. World is becoming more and more urbanized. There must be some sort of solution which give the axe give some relief to the hunger towards the need of timber. We need to look for a solution which must obligate few characteristics such(prenominal) asA inter character point which jackpot substitute wood in the widest range of purposes of uses..A product which doesnt have negative environmental impact or is eco-friendly..A product which can be made in a rural environment to assist in reducing the pressure of urbanization in the current world.A product whose turnout scale must be such that it shouldnt displace the rural people from its reach.A product which is very much meaningful in the activity.Bamboo is definitely 1 such solution we got for the near future. Bamboo products can substitute wood-based products in a very wide range. The cultivation and maintenance of bamboo is very easily in comparison with wood. Bamboo can be grown as clumps in most soils and is very cheaper which makes it a feasible material for poor people and in rural regions. More and more people can be involved in this process to make them aw be of the possibilities with bamboo. Bamboo based industries must be further by maximum villager involvement as it even requires very low capital. Bamboo based industries can therefore provide the time and space for evolutionary ontogenesis of the rural economy.1.2 THE PROBLEMS(1) The world produces 3.5 billion tons of wood from roughly 3.5 billion hect ars of forest. Approximately half of that is used as firewood. In the developed world, less than one billion people consume an average of approximately 1 ton per capita per year, hardly any of it as firewood. The richer the country, the higher this amount (in the USA it is 2.3 tonnes). Thus, in t he poorer move of the world, people consume far more firewood than industrial wood (by a factor of at least three to one). The to nobley overall objective of world evolution is that standards of living should rise. At the present, Chinas annual per capita wood aspiration is only 0.16 m3 much lower than the spherical average of 0.65 cubic meters (China Daily, 13 April 2000). Will the developing world start to consume wood in a manner similar to the developed world as it becomes richer. The evidence is not clear but sec Korea has seen a quadrupling of its per capita consumption between 1950 and 1990. Although Chinas per capita lumber consumption remains much lower than the global average, its demand for lumber has increased drastically over the last few years, while its supply has remained steady or simplificationd slightly (China Daily, 13 April 2000). Will new technology (email and Internet) reduce the amount of newspaper publisher used? Again the evidence is not clear bu t there seems to be no strong trend as yet. The consequences for world wood consumption are therefore very serious if rising standards of living lead to an accelerated usage of wood products 10. If the world population (six billion now trending towards eighter from Decatur billion in 25 years time) moved to consume wood in a name similar to the more developed countries (e.g. 1 m3 / capita in Germany 11) the consumption of industrial wood (excluding firewood) would need to at least quadruple (as it did in South Korea). It is unlikely that the wood currently consumed as firewood could assist much, for known technical reasons (it is often dead wood, miniature sized and sparsely distributed).(2) The area of forest is being decrease by continuing deforestation. This is compounded by a growing consciousness that forests have values over and above their timber value (for carbon retention mature forests may not actually seize extra carbon-for biodiversity shelter and for soil, water an d air quality values). Thus the supply of timber-producing forest is decreasing, through preservation, in such diverse economies as the USA, Australia, New Zealand, India and China.(3) In the last two centuries, improving standards of living have been preceded by large increases in population and increasing urbanization. It is paradoxical that the population appears to increase rapidly in the first place gains in living standards appear and that steeply rising population can threaten to cancel out those gains. Developing countries are following along the pattern first established in Britain 250 years ago but with some inconsistencys. The English population rose from 6 one thousand thousand in 1750 to 40 meg in 1900 but would have increased to over 60 million were it not for the huge outward migration to the US, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Even with that safety valve, small villages like Birmingham increased from populations of only 4000 in 1680 to 400 000in 1881, as people left the countryside for the towns. They had little choice. There was not enough free land in the countryside for farming. Living conditions for most of the population in these cities were very poor and their working conditions dehumanized. Todays developing countries do not have the possibilities of overseas migration they face the same(p) pressures towards urbanization but do not wish to reinvent the dark satanic mills of the 18th and 19th century. It would be faithful if sufficient purpose could be found in a rural environment to reduce the pressure towards urbanization.(4) Studies in both the developed economies and the developing economies have come to the terminus that people work best in small to medium size firms/enterprises where they can see the impact of their own efforts and where they feel that they can have an put together on decision-making. These conclusions find their expression in the general concept of participation.-IAN R.HUNTER, 2002, Bamboo and Ratta n, Vol. 1, No.2, pp.101-103, Available at www.vsppub.comIts not like bamboo can be the only solution for all these issues outlined above but experiences in few places indicate that bamboo can make some meaningful contribution.2.1Bamboo as a wood substituteThe bamboo culm, reduced to its finest parts, is an excellent industrial fiber. As such it has been recordn, both in the laboratory and in practice, to be an excellent substitute for wood fiber in such things as paper, medium meanness fiber board and veneer. There are very few technical difficulties in utilizing normal wood-working machinery to work with bamboo. One difference that does need to be accommodated is the higher silica content of bamboo which can dull cutting edges. With good physical and mechanical shoreerties, low shrinkage and average density of 0.7 g/cm3, bamboo is well suited to replace wood in several applications, especially in panel form. Bamboo mat board and bamboo strip board have been exploited on an indu strial scale, and products marketed for different end uses such as flooring, roofing, and other housing components, furniture, packing cases, etc.At present, in China, over 1,000,000 m3 of panels of various types are produced annually in some 200 mills, whereas in India, industrial-scale production of panels is confined to bamboo mat board with roughly 2000 m3 board by seven mills. The global use of paper is reported to be increased by 5% annually. Today, Asia, and mainly India and China, make the most use of bamboo for pulp and paper. India uses about 3 million tons of bamboo per year in pulp manufacture and China about 1 million tons, and both are set to increase their use of bamboo for paper pulp manufacture (China targets 5 million tons per year). Bamboo pulp is also processed into incense paper in the Philippines for export. Brazil is presently the only American country that uses bamboo for making cellulose and paper. However, bamboo has certain characteristics that are super ior. It has a high bug out hardness such that laminated bamboo flooring is equal in wear to the hardest American hardwoods.many of the products made from bamboo can be and are made in small factories with very limited capital requirements hence these factories can be distributed around the country-side dummy up to their raw material.Bamboo also has a unique role to play in constructing strong light-weight houses. It has been known for a long time that light weight timber fix construction houses offer the greatest safety against earthquakes and also greater safety on earth slips. Lightweight timber framing housing is the norm in New Zealand. In 1987, the small town of Edgecombe in the northern part of the North Island of New Zealand was shattered by bosom 7 earthquakes. The posture of the earthquake was sufficient to tip a railway engine on its side. Yet no-one was killed and all of the houses remained standing. There are two technologies utilizing bamboo that can be vary to p rovide similar kinds of houses. In one, bamboo poles can be used in a similar way to timber studs to provide a similar space- throw away construction. move needs to be done improving the joins before the result is as strong as a timber frame house. In the other, a bamboo frame or hurdle can be woven out of split bamboo and plastered on either side. The bamboo hurdle effectively reinforces the concrete plastering. This second ardour of grammatical construction produces a result which is more culturally familiar in many countries and possibly therefore more acceptable.2.2 Properties of Bamboo2.2.1 Tensile violenceThe bamboo fibers run axially. outmost zone constitute of highly elastic vascular bundles, which have a high tensile specialism. The tensile strength of these fibers is higher than that of steel, but to construct connects which can transfer load axially is merely im attainable.2.2.2 ShrinkingBamboos shrinks a lot more tan wood when it loses whole of its water. Nodes are very vulnerable during this shrinking. Bamboo shrinks in the cross section 10 to 15%2.2.3 Fire electrical resistanceDue to the presence of the high content of silicate acid it offers a very good resistance towards fire.. Filled up with water, it can stand a temperature of 400 C while the water cooks inside.2.2.4 ElasticityBamboos enormous elasticity makes it a very good building material in earthquake prone zones. Its is very light in weight and can be easily worked on.-Bamboo as a building material, 2002, available www.bambusnewengreportsbuildingmaterialbuildingmaterial.html2.3 Bamboo for constructionThere is a substantial role of bamboo in the construction field as it grows naturally, it has strength, flexibility and versatility and is very suitable material in every part of a house when treated and is used properly. Not only there are technical advantages with bamboo but it is very economical as it is a local product in many places of the country and is amongst the cheapest ma terials available. Recently there are hikes in the prices of bamboo but with proper cultivation and increased production these inflations in the fields of bamboo can be handled. Cultivating of bamboo properly gives high yields. Moreover bamboo can replace usage of timber in many areas. It can brook towards the solution for the deforestation which is a very major concern in the world.2.3.1 RoofingBamboo shingles whose lengths are almost as long as r by and bys. The bamboo canes are first halved along their diaphragms and are bisected. Then they are threaded as alternative facing units and are tied. They are held in the supports by their own weight.2.3.2 Trusses manufacturing of roof trusses is about the most promising use of bamboos. Literally, any span of truss is possible, and as indicated in Section 5, a Fink truss of about 8.5m span can be carried by three workmen and installed by about 5 workmen. The property of lightweight with strength and stiffness is manifested here. Also, substantial savings in the non-use of heavy lifting equipment.(ii) Scaffolding(iii) Disaster MitigationThe lightness of bamboo, wide availability and possibility of building shelter from modular units lends it for use for post-disaster shelter. A project is in the offing by the UNHCR where temporary shelters are fabricated from A-shaped bamboo support frames with horizontal members at the apex and at mid-heights of the A-frame. A water-proof sheet is draped over this frame for cover.2.3.3 BridgesBridges attempted consist of(a) Footbridges Simple cross-braced frames with the walkway formed at the crutch.Culms of 50-75mm diameter are bound by bamboo lashings. They are suited to rivers with muddied or sandy bottoms where the height above bed does not exceed 5m. A typical crossing might be 20m long.(b) Handcart Bridge The construction is more elaborate with abutments and pilings. The abutments are formed from pairs of culms staked to the ground. A pair of horizontal culms forms the pil e cap and diagonal braces stabilize the assembly. To form the roadway, three longitudinal bamboo beams of 100mm are lashed to the caps and tied together at the center of each bay with a cross-member.22.3.4 ScaffoldingsBamboo can be used for the construction of safe holds for very tall buildings because of the favorable relationship between the load-bearing capacity and weight. Bamboo has been used for centuries as staging in Asian countries and, despite competition with many metal scaffolding systems, remains one of the most preferred system in both China and Hong Kong (Fu, 1993). Owing to its high adaptability and low construction cost, it can be constructed to any layout to follow various irregular architectural features of a building within a relatively short period of time (Chung, et al., 2003). They are used in construction sites to provide temporary access, working platforms for construction workers and supervisory staff, and to prevent construction debris from falling on p assers-by. In Hong Kong, they are used as Single Layered Bamboo Scaffolds (SLBS) for light work and Double Layered Bamboo Scaffords (DLBS) for heavy work (Chung and Sin, 2002).Bamboo scaffolding, like any other, must possess integrity and must be laterally stable. The foregoing is ensured by the provision of bracing. The bracing is by two pieces of bamboo fixed in an X shape and at an angle of 60o-70o over the section of bamboo to be braced. For multi-storey structures it is required to tie the scaffolding to the building often through 6mm dia mild steel bars (putlogs) pre-fixed to concrete at every floor. A prop is also required between the building and the scaffolding to prevent the leaning of the scaffolding towards the building.The canes are not treated even at their connections and only lashed joints are used. The cane extension is carried out by lashing the cane ends together by using several ties. The ties are arranged in such that force acting vertically downwards wedges the nodes in the lashing. By tightening the ropes between the canes the friction can be increased to the maximum. The vertical and horizontal canes used for scaffolding are joined using soft lashing. This technique has a great advantage that the joints can be tensioned to the right degree without difficulty and even released quickly.-Dunkelberg, Klaus Bamboo as a building material, in IL31 Bambus, Karl Krmer Verlag Stuttgart 1992.3.1 Mechanical and Structural PropertiesBamboo, being a circular, hollow structure has certain mechanical and structural advantages and disadvantages as compared to a rectangular solid timber of the same cross-section. These advantages/disadvantages are, in other instances, complemented or accentuated by the cellulose fiber make-up of the bamboo. These comparative analyses are tabulated in panel 1.0. around rules of thumb for the relationship between the mass per volume of bamboo and some mechanical properties have been derived by INBAR and Janseen (1991). T hese are given in Table 2.0. Also, various tests for strength and mechanical properties and design rules have been put forward by INBAR (ISO-22156, 22157, ISO/DTR-23157.2).Comparative Mechanical Properties of Bamboo and Rectangular woodland (Janssen, 2001)Table 1.0 Comparative Mechanical Properties of Bamboo and Rectangular Lumber (Janssen, 2001)PropertyBambooRectangular LumberAssumptions1.Momentof Inertia, II = 0.40A2I = 0.16A2 For most bamboos,d = internal diameter= 0.82D For timber, mostlyh = 2 x b2.OptimumMaterialUse, EI4900A22240A2 Cellulose =70,000N/mm2 E fiber =35,000N/mm2 50% of cross-section of fiber is cellulose. E350x% of fibers. In bamboos, fiber is60% on outside and10% on inside, henceE outside = 35060 =21,000N/mm2 andE inside = 35010 =3500N/mm2 Edahoma =14,000N/mm2Bending Compression stress duringbending may result intransverse subscriber line in fibers of top face of culm. Lignin in fibres is weak in strain. Coherence in cross-section is lost and EI drops dramaticall y. If load removed culmreturns to original straightform. timber allow not regainoriginal length whenload is removed. Poisson coefficient for bamboo = 0.3.4.fleece Shear in neutral layer =1.3x shear for timber Smaller onerousness to resist shear. Larger forces on bolt fasteners at joints. Advantage of not having aray structure is nullified byhollow nature. Larger onerousness toresist shear. Has rays. Rays are mechanically weak.Hence, timber material is weaker in shearthan bamboo material.5.Torsion Better torsional resistancedue to circular shape. Poorer torsionalresistance because ofsharp corners.Table 1.0 (Contd)PropertyBambooRectangular LumberAssumptions6.WindResistance Bending stress due to windis constant over height ofculm. At top (near skin) vesselsdecrease and cellulosereplaces vessels, leading to increase resistance to bending stress.7.8.CompressionDensity Because of hollow natureand thus greater distance ofsolid mass from center, longitudinal cut is greater and thus gre ater the likelihood of lateral strain in lignin. Friction due to clamping attop and bottom of culmreduces lateral strain. Amount of lignin deter-mines compressivestrength not cellulose.700 800kg/m3 Solid nature makes for better compression resistance and reduced lateral strain.850kg/m3Table 2.0 Rules of Thumb Factors for Mechanical Properties of BambooAir-dry bambooBendingCompressionShearE0.140.0940.02124Green bamboo0.110.075Ultimate stress (N/mm2) = Factor x mass/volume (in kg/m3)1Allowable stress 7 x Ultimate stressJANSSEN, J.J.A., 2000. Designing and construct with Bamboo. INBAR Technical Report No.20, page no. 18-233.2 Earthquake ResistanceBamboo, being lightweight and hollow, makes it naturally highly distasteful to earthquake (because it has high stiffness in relation to its weight). That, it does not shatter at failure means that when the earthquake is over the building can be left standing with relatively minor damage providing shelter whiles the damage is being repaired . In a 7.5 magnitude earthquake in April, 1961, in costa Rica, 20 bamboo houses were left standing near the epicenter (Janssen, 2000).4.1 Problems related to Bamboo.4.1.1 StructureThe available bamboo tends not to be very straight, have variable diameters, culm thickness and show marked tapering. These attributes have a costly effect on preliminary attempts at construction in bamboo, as bequeath be indicated later.4.1.2 Insect and fungus kingdom AttackMore than anything else, the problem with bamboo is pest and fungi attack. Insect attack is through the relatively softer tissues in the inside wall of the cavity wall and at the budding points in the nodes. Fungi attack is severe when the bamboo is exposed to damp conditions. Various methods exist for prevention of these attacks (Jayanetti and Follet, 1998). They range from the sophisticated modified Boucherie process, through incoming in a boric acid/borax mixture in water, injection and painting with creosote, to hanging in a flo wing stream immediately after harvesting for at least a week for the sugary ingredients to be washed out.Traditional preservation methods also exist such as curing, heater and lime-washing. The real effects of such traditional methods are not known since they have not been documented and quantified.4.1.3 Fire risk4.1.4 No standardisation possible no 2 culms are alike4.1.5Maintenance4.1.6Difficulty of making the junctions of the culms4.1.7 No construction skills with bamboo culms in non-bamboo available countries4.2 Measures to be taken4.2.1Treatment of the surfaceFor small parts this teaching about bleaching and dyeing are determined for kite-constructions. though it cant support enough weight. Bleaching and dyeing possibly can change the structure of the bamboo that far, til now these methods should be introduced.4.2.2 BleachingFor removing traces of resin or wax bleaching in hydrogen peroxide can be done. The bamboo will get perished if it stays long.4.2.3 DyeingThere are diffe rent traditional styles of bleaching in different countries.In principle1. The color cant penetrate into the bamboo if at all the wax is removed.2. The color will become more regular if it is bleached before dying.3. Fix the color in a solution of vinegar after dying.4.2.4 Other methodsIn Japan, the surface will be peeled off, hydrochloride acid is put on the bamboo and the canes are put in an oven. The canes get a brown color. treating the canes with copper sulfate will give a green color to the bamboo and protects it from mold. These methods only dye the surface of the bamboo. To get a through and through dyeing, the bamboo can be carbonized. The bamboo is put into a boiler and is incubated with a pressure of 5 kg/cm and a temperature of 150 C for 20-30 min. After that, the bamboo will be brown through and through.-K. A. Solomon-Ayeh,USE OF BAMBOO FOR BUILDINGS, Building and Road Research Institute (BRRI), page no 5-7

Social Media Texting: Bad Grammar

Social Media Texting Bad GrammarLOL and OMG beget been the acronyms of the decade and have become a trend in the way tidy sum communicate. Social media has expanded so very oftentimes that people ar becoming dependent on the Internet and argon creating their own language. Social media is making the younger extension develop boastful grammar. This issue is a chore because it is making society incap competent of structuring coherent sentences making this brokerration dumb. The time being spend on friendly media bylets cuts wad on the time focusing on their education and grammar. Although some argue that genial media helps people communicate better in their daily lives, social media and schoolbooking atomic number 18 placing a burden on education. Social media has triggered one from learning academic and professional communication skill, promoting mischievousness grammar, and the lack of creativity. Social media is promoting bad grammar because people inclined to writin g conversationally when they write structured essays. Bad grammar has gotten so severe that people have made several appearances on reinvigorateds channels active social media and bad grammar. A video that was posted on Channel 19 KYTX which is a topical anesthetic overbolds station in Tyler, Texas. It talks about how students ar trying to use bad grammar in their essays, which they also use on Face appropriate and Twitter. Living in a social media world in which people try to communicate as fast as possible people keep conversations short. Kaylee McPherson says to KYTX, I dont even put periods, question marks or anything. I just type it and go (Austin).With the generation being based on technology people ending up non just texting in acronyms save also speaking them was bound to happen. McPherson states that, Now, they actually start talking it. I hear people talking and Im similar you kind of sound dumb. Not completely are teenagers using shorthand on social media plain ly also in the classroom. Melanie McNeils a high school English teacher says that when she grades papers she sees the slang in their essays. Melanie McPherson says, Ok, this is one I see a lot. B4=before, OMG=oh my god, u=you, y=why (Austin). Instead of McNeil giving her students no credit for that type of language use in their essays, she talks to her students about the difference between casual language and academic language and when it is the appropriate time to use the two (Austin). This web bevel has increased so much that even the Oxford English dictionary has added the fakeulates Lol, Omg,Tweet, Retweet and even Sext. There is justification that the world is changing referable to social media. Ontario Waterloo University in Canada requires students to pass an English language skills test in order to be accepted into the university. According to the statistics 1/3 are failing and students are blaming social media. Ontario Waterloo is a nifty educational example of how we open fire resolve the grammar problem. People should be happy that Universities are taking such an effect on this problem then maybe at least the younger generation will try harder to fix their grammar and spend little on social media cites. Bad grammar and social media go hand in hand people. People are so excited to send an instant message that they use shorthand of words and do not use full sentences. This is a server problem that needs to be addressed and people need to communicate effectively to change the bad grammar that our generation has developed. Being depended on social media come acrosss people because they cop communicating and it will eventually affect them in long run.Switching from academic to colloquial language is problematical for most getting accustomed to changing the language and it is declining grammar skill. In the article, No LOL matter Tween texting may result to poor grammar skills by draw up State Official University News Source this article dis cuss how tweens who are in the age range between nine and fourteen are texting in acronyms and tally to researches are decline language and grammar skills(par. 1). Text messaging may be an easy and fast way for one to communicate exactly according to Drew Cingel who is a Distinguished Professor of Communications and co-director of the Pen States Media Effects Research Laboratory states that, The use of these shortcuts may hinder a tweens ability to conquer between techspeack and ruler rules of grammar(par. 5). Teachspeak is when someone uses shortcuts while texting, on a social media site or chatting, such as U for You. Cingel gave middle school children in Pennsylvania a grammar assessment test at a 9th grade level to see if everyone up to par she eventually stated after receiving the scores, Overall, in that location is evidence of a decline in grammar scores based on the number of adaptions in sent text messages(par. 8). The most people text the more than than they will a dapt to that type of style and will not be about to distinguish whether they are writing proper or not. In spunky School I always experienced teachspeak, when I was in my English class the teacher would tell us to peer review each incompatibles essay. I would always notice that in every paper I would peer review I would at least see one or more tachspeak errors where someone would u instead of you .That is why researches have stated that it is affecting childrens grammar.Some may say that social media has been a way to connect with our muzzy love ones and some researchers have stated that social media is the downfall of the generation. The Internet is growing rapidly and it and has created many a(prenominal) alternative ways from one to get learning such as Dictionary.com, where one can look up a definition instead of grabbing a dictionary and instead of reading a book there are books online that you can use on your Ipad or kindle. Social media and texting has have a downfall on our grammar and it is getting harder to multitask. In the article, Yes, People windlessness Read, But Now Its Social by Steven Johnson it explains how people are reading books on a Kindle but Mr.Carrs who is the author of, The Shallows states, These distraction comes with heavy bell scientific studies show how multitasking harms our concentration(427). Due to social media such as Twitter, Facebook,and YouTube etc. being used all at once people are less apt(predicate) to be able to focus. People who multitask more are going to be faced with certain challenges in school when they are not able to concentrate in their studies. According to a study they found out that, Heavy multitasking performed about about 10 to 20 percent worse on most test than light multitasking (427). So it is true that Social media is making us dumb, people may read books on Kindle and readiness be happy that they are reading books but Mr.Carrs concern is that people are not thinking with a high-level min d set and people are reading pages on a screen. I feel like if society is going to depend on the internet eventually people will stop talking in complete and full sentences and will start using acronyms and that will affect peoples grammar when they are trying to write in an educational matter.The statistics for text messages have increased over the years. According to the Chicago Tribute that stated that Pew Research claims, 72% of adults and 87% of teens send and receive text messages(par.2). It is not only the teenagers that are constantly texting but also adults who are texting away. An executive editor of the American Heritage Dictionary named Steve Kleindetr says that when you text you may want to wages close attention to your attention. Kleinder gives us an example, If youre texting a friend who has difficulty with loose grammatical standards, be sure to spell out u (par. 2). This is a great point that Kleinder stated one must always think about the audience if it is eith er sending a text message or an email. No one will send an email to their boss saying Sup, cant make 2 wrk L8ts and especially if you had a friend who struggles with grammar you would write out everything clearly. Grammar is a huge part of our society and, People will always judge you, so write with that in mind, Kleinedler says. I personally have never wrote in short hand reason being that I struggle in English and I am not a very good speller, and if I were to write colloquialisms I would not help myself. That is why I made a pact with myself to always write in complete sentences if I am either texting on Facebook or Twitter no matter what. This has actually been beneficial to me because I have never written colloquiums in my essays I might still be a bad speller but at least I do not do it on purpose.Our generation will never be the same the Internet will always have some sort of power over us and with the development of technology change magnitude there is nothing we can do but educate ourselves. Just because everyone is texting and on Facebook sounding illiterate does not mean we have to do it in like manner. We must take a stand and show society that the generation might be powered with technology but we are using it for our education and other beneficial things. Grammar will always be a problem and it can be fixed but with so many Social media outlets using Weblingo there is no way everyone will stop trying to be cool and rebel against it. Some people will not want to do it but they are dumb-ing themselves down. People need to learn how to talk proper and how to communicate instead of through Facebook and over a text. If this issue is not fixed our generation will be destroyed and there will be no way to fix it. pestiferous Shock Case Study Causes and Effects putrefacient Shock Case Study Causes and EffectsIntroductionSeptic Shock is a serious circulatory disorder often characterised by a whole- be incitive state and the systemic response to infecti on (Titheradge, 1998), with the most common cause being the contamination of declination with bacterium. Septic dishonor is defined as sepsis with hypotension which develops in almost half of all septic patients as a complication with a mortality rate of 40-60% (Titheradge, 1998).Septic surprise often results in a progressive failure of the circulation to provide subscriber line and oxygen to vital variety meat of the dust resulting in impaired tissue perfusion and oxygen extraction (Thiemermann, 1997). The gravestone symptoms include a severe fall in production line pressure (hypotension) with hypo-reactivity to vasoconstrictor agents (vasoplegia) which may lead to the dysfunction or failure of major organs including lungs, liver, kidneys and brain (multiple organ dysfunction, MODS) and ultimately death (Goligorski et al., 1997).Presently it is widely assumed that septic seismic disturbance rarely shows similar symptoms in affected individuals and therefore it is difficul t to detect and then consequently treat it (Groeneveld and Thijs, 1986). It is, however, also agreed that most of the remedial interventions invariably focus on the primary aim of fighting the obdurate hypotension by the use of aggressive fluid infusions, glucocorticoids, large doses of vasoconstrictors (Baumgartner and Calandra, 1999) and occasionally renal replacement therapy (Wheeler Bernard, 1999). Yet these interventions do not offer consistent success (Parratt, 1997). In recent times, our understanding of the pathophysiology of septic shock has developed significantly through experimental and clinical trials, though the discovery of a commensurate treatment with therapeutic efficacy is proving elusive (Baumgartner and Calandra, 1999). This is probably because of the heterogeneity of the clinical situations and the differences in host response to identical pathogens. Moreover evidence suggests that different pathogens which cause septic shock respond differently to the conv entional treatments. Still, no effort has been made to treat patients according to the nature of the infecting organism (Gao, Anonymous, 1992).During the early 1990s azotic oxide ( none emerged as a potentially substantial step towards the treatment of septic shock. This finding directed scientists to carry out numerous clinical trials and animal experiments with the objective of finding out more about the interrelation of noand Sepsis (Cobb, 1999 Kilbourn, 1999). Later, the discovery of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) made this enzyme the primary target of therapeutic agents (Rosselet et al., 1998). However, recently a substantial amount of literature has been published with evidence contradicting the discoveries of earlier studies. Today more than a decade has elapsed without any resolution to the matter and even in this 21st coke Septic Shock is invading the developing countries rapidly (Cobb, 1999 Kilbourn, 1999).This problem of a lack of significant advances in this field can be highlighted by the situation that 17 years have passed since the final publication of the Consensus Conference on sepsis and sepsis related syndromes (Rangel-Frausto, 2005). This paper conclusively defined sepsis and its symptoms with the hope of finding a suitable treatment in order to eradicate the disease (Rangel-Frausto, 2005). Today, however, the situation has not changed significantly with up to 750,000 new sepsis parts every year and 215,000 annual deaths in the get together States (Trzeciak et al., 2008, Mitchell M. Levy, 2007). Additionally, in the population that survives such attacks, there is considerable morbidity with many scoring low in health related quality of life assessments (Kaarlola et al., 2003, Perl et al., 1995). t wherefore the 5 million lives campaign instigated by the US Institute of Healthcare Improvements, aims to minimize the prevalence of nosocomial sepsis (sepsis originating in a hospital) (Gao et al., 2008). This campaign aimed specifically at i ncreasing safety and transforming the quality of hospital care (McCannon et al., 2007). Moreover, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign aims to improve the quality of life of septic patients using the best evidence visible(prenominal) currently (Dellinger et al., 2004). Though the world mortality rates have declined in recent times, sepsis is gradually becoming more prevalent in the elderly in the developing countries (Gao et al., 2008).This is mainly due to the extended longevity of patients with chronic illnesses, the increased occurrence of immunosuppression, and the more frequent use of invasive procedures (Bone, 1991 Parrillo, 1993). Sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock and multiple organ failure still dominate the mass cases of non coronary intensifier care units (ICUs).This essay will attempt to explore the fundamental mechanisms star(p) to tissue and organ damage in septic shock through the investigation of a case study. Following this, the discovery and superior customary biolo gy of nitric oxide (NO) shall be discussed, and the experimental evidence implicating NO as an effector in sepsis, will be examined in detail. The results obtained from various pharmacologic interventions directed at NO in animal studies will also be considered. This report will also give an account of conventional and innovative treatments for the management of septic shock. Finally, info from the few available relevant clinical trials will be reviewed and possible future avenues of interest will be discussed.Systemic Inflammatory response syndrome and Septic Shock (Clinical Manifestation)Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock were inaccurately defined until a recently reviewed consensus conference in 1992 (Bone et al., 1992, Dellinger et al., 2004). In this meeting the term systemic instigative response syndrome (SIRS) was invented insinuating a clinical response arising from a nonspecific tissue damaging event (insult) (Rangel-Frausto, 2005).Sepsis as mentioned earlier is the re sult of substantial eat up of incendiary mediators in response to an infection. However, often the same mediators are released in the absence of a documented infected in several medical conditions such as cardiopulmonary bypass (Wan S. et al., 1997), pancreatitis and trauma (Shanley TP. et al., 2006). Due to this, the early definitions of sepsis or septic shock were found to be misleading hence a North American consensus conference proposed a new terminology. In this conference sepsis was defined as a condition in which critically ill patients meet criteria for SIRS, in the condition of infection. SIRS was defined as two or more of the following 1) heart rate 90/min 2) temperature 38C or 12,000 or 20/min or a PCO2 3.5 L min-1 M-23 2) hyperglycaemia (plasma glucose 120 mg/dL) in the absence of diabetes 3) significant oedema or confirmatory fluid balance (20 mL/kg over 20 h) 4) inflammatory variables plasma C-reactive protein 2 SD above the normal value or plasma procalcitonin 2 S D above the normal value and 5) mixed venous oxygen intensity (SVO2) 70% . (Dellinger RP et al., 2004). SIRS is generally not considered as a disease and its recognition does not provide any clinical conclusion. However, since it has proven to be a very usable for the identification of sepsis and its sequelae namely severe sepsis and septic shock it is regarded as a very all-important(a) tool (Shanley TP. et al., 2006).Case StudyA 3-year-old son was admitted to the intensive care unit because of fever, hypotension, and lethargy. A purpuric rash was noted on his arms and legs. Arterial blood gas analysis demonstrated hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis. The arterial breastfeed level was 10 mmol/L. He was intubated, resuscitated with crystalloid solution, started on broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, and given dopamine to maintain a MAP above 55 mmHg. His chest skiagraph revealed bilateral interstitial-alveolar infiltrates with a left sided predominance. Gram stain of the cerebrospin al fluid showed gram-negative cocci. The dopamine infusion was increased to 18g kg-1min-1 for persistent hypotension and oliguria. pulmonic and radial arterial catheter data yielded the following blood pressure, 85/30 mm Hg MAP, 48 mm Hg heart rate, 140 beat generation per minute CVP, 10 mm Hg pulmonary artery pressure, 22/14 mm Hg PCWP, 12 mm Hg cardiac index, 2.5L min-1m-2 and SVRI, 1226 dyne-sec-cm-5m-2. The boy was treated with additional saline and an epinephrine infusion, which increased the MAP, cardiac index, and urine output. Arterial lactate levels decreased over the next 12 hours. Subsequent cultures of blood and cerebrospinal fluid grew Neisseria meningitidis.In this case the patient with acute organ failure and hypotension was diagnosed with septic shock. The young boy with meningococcal septic shock had a borderline-low cardiac index. Due to this a decrease in the cardiac index in this patient by the administration of an NOS cut backor might not be desirable. This i s suggestive of the feature that NO or its synthesising means cannot always be targeted in order to battle septic shock. I will attempt to go into further lucubrate with regards to this statement as we go along the essay.Nitric Oxide discoveryJoseph Priestly first identified gaseous NO in 1772. NO also named nitrogen Monoxide is a very simple and tiny molecule consisting of one nitrogen and one oxygen molecule. Unknown of its fundamental physiological roles in the mammals, until the 1980s NO was widely considered as a mere ototoxic atmospheric pollutant (Konstantin J. Ovodov et al., 2000).In the 1980s researchers were examining how blood watercrafts expand (dilate) hence regulate the mean arterial blood pressure. Dilation of blood vessels, also termed vasodilation is a very important physiological response which partly regulates the blood pressure. By increasing the diameter of blood vessels, vasodilation causes the blood to travel more freely due to lower resistance (RF Furchgo tt, 1980). Since the blood vessel lumen widens during vasodilation, the blood imposes less outward pressure on the vessel palisade hence reducing the blood pressure. In opposition, vasoconstriction reduces the diameter of the lumen increasing the BP. These physiological responses occur all the time in the human body regulating the BP and therefore are one of the most fundamental mechanisms of the human body.Dr Robert Furchgott and his group, later in 1980s investigated the role of acetylcholine in the smooth muscle informality and found that relaxation only occurred if a special class of kiosks called endothelial carrells were present (RF Furchgott, 1980). These cells line the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between travel blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. Behind the endothelial cells are the smooth muscle cells which either relax or contract and then regulating the vascular tone (RF Furchgott, 1991).The same research group also discov ered that smooth muscle were only able to vasodilate the blood vessels in the front man of endothelial cells. This indicated that there was some kind of factor that was being released by the endothelial cells which was involved in the dilation of the blood vessel. This factor was named Endothelium Derived Relaxing figure (EDRF) and subsequently specified as NO (S Moncada et al., 1997).In 1977, Ferid Murad independantly investigated the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin and found that it worked by inducing the release of NO which in piece was able to cause relaxation of smooth muscle cells (F Murad et al., 1977).Louis Ignarro in 1986 finally resolved the whole perplex of EDRF and NO by declaring that EDRF was in fact NO. It was stated that two molecules showed identical properties when he compared gas Nitric Oxide and EDRF (Ignarro, L. J. Et al. 1987). In 1998, Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Drs. Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro, and Ferid Murad for their discoveries that vascular endothelial cells make nitric oxide (NO) and that such endothelium-derived NO stimulates cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis in the underlying vascular smooth muscle, causing relaxation (Kilbourn, 1999).Since the discovery of NO, vast number of its physiological roles in normal conditions have been report including in the immune system, offensive system, reproductive system and other cellular functions. It has also been found to play important roles in variety of species ranging from mammals, to insects and plants.Role of Nitric Oxide in BiologySince it was first discovered to play a role in the dilation of blood vessels many new roles for Nitric Oxide (NO) have been discovered. In human body, NO is metabolised by its diffusion into red blood cells where it oxidizes the ferrous iron of oxyhemoglobin yielding methemoglobin and nitrate ions (NO3-) (J.M. Hevel et al., 1994 and Konstantin J. Ovodov and Ronald G. Pearl, 2000). This meachanism limit s local NO build up and is particularly important in keeping NO concentration in naomolar range, at least in nonhydrophobic compartments (i.e. outside cell membranes) (Beckman Koppenol, 1996). Nitric oxide has been found to be produced by effectively every cell type in vivo and plays an important role in both controlling the normal function of cells as well as in regulating larger scale processes such as the reproductive, immune and nervous systems. A few of these biologic functions for NO are described in more detail below.The Immune SystemNitric oxide plays many important roles in the immune system although it is show in many cell types following endotoxin or pro-inflammatory cytokine treatment (C. Nathan et al., 1991 and R.G. Knowles et al., 1994). NO, in immune system, is produced in high amounts from specific cells called macrophages. Proceedingly to an infection, chemicals known as cytokines are release in vivo which activate the cells of the immune system such as macrophag es, and help guide them to the site of infection (S. Moncada et al., 1991 and C. Nathan et al., 1991). NO produced by the macrophages is toxic to the bacteria and play an important role in their destruction (Fig 1). The production of nitric oxide in this way also helps protect against other types of infection including parasites and viruses (S. Moncada et al., 1991).However, too much nitric oxide production can not only lead to septic shock but has also been implicated in conditions where the immune system is too active autoimmune diseases like arthritis (Jang D and Murrell G A, 1998).The Nervous SystemNitric oxide has been shown to be involved in both the peripheral and central nervous system. The three nitric oxide producing isotypes of enzyme (iNOS, eNOS, nNOS) (see section) in humans, one isotype ( neuronal NOS (nNOS)) is found almost exclusively in the nervous system (Forstermann et al., 1995). nNOS is thought to be involved in promoting the shift of interneuronal nerve signa ls. This is thought to take place by the stimulation of exocytosis (release) of endogenous chemicals called neurotransmitters of one neurone (Moncada et al., 1991 Forstermann and Kleinert, 1995). These NT then diffuse across the synaptic cleft (gap between neuronal terminals) and stimulate the neighbouring nerve cell terminal to transmit the signal (Otto Loewi, 1961). NO has shown to play a substantial role in diseases of the nervous system like Alzheimers and Parkinsons. In both diseases, the inhibition of NO has shown to slow down the progression of the disease in mice (Weill Cornell Team, 2005 and Johns Hopkins et al., 2004).Reproductive BiologyNitric oxide is one of the most important molecule in the course of reproduction and is involved in many aspects of it. As well as dilating the blood vessels and thereby helping to regulate agnatic blood pressure, NO is also involved in implanting the early embryo in the uterus (Rogers, 1995). During pregnancy, nitric oxide is also sugges ted promote angiogenesis (a process in which new blood vessels are formed) (RayChaudhury et al., 1996). It is also known to play a role in the excerpt of trophoblasts (form placenta) (Enders et al., 1978). Furthermore deficiency of NO has been found in patients with preeclampsia (a medical condition in pregnancy) suggesting its partial role in growth of embryo (Yallampalli et al., 1994 Liao et al., 1996). In addition, drugs (Viagra) used to treat erectile dysfunction also affect nitric oxide signalling.Cellular functionA notable number of cellular activities can be controlled by nitric oxide including cell division, cell movement and cell survival.The majority of cells in human body have the ability to undergo programmed cellular death. This is a self-destructive mechanism usually called apoptosis which often occurs when a cell is damaged and beyond repair, infected with a virus, or undergoing stressful conditions such as starvation (Kerr et al., 1972). Cells in these conditions go through apoptosis so that they dont hinder the proper functioning of the rest of the tissue. During apoptosis, the structures of the cell break down in an organised manner, forming a packaged cell that is smaller in sizing so that it can be easily removed by the cells of the immune system (Kerr et al., 1972).Nitric oxide was first shown to inhibit apoptosis hence promoting cell survival in human B lymphocytes (Mannick, J. B. Et al., 1994). Subsequently similar finding were reported in an ample number of other cells. However, high doses of nitric oxide also have deleterious effects. They can be toxic to many cell types and can lead to septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in which case NO causes cell death instead of promoting cell survival (Beal Cerra, 1994).Nitric Oxide and Inflammation (Pathophysiology of septic shock)This section will deal with mechanism by which wall fragments of Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria and other inflammatory agents induce nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cells and tissues.Exogenous toxins which enter the circulation stimulate the synthesis and release of a number of endogenous cytokines. During a gram-negative infection which can lead to septic shock, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and endotoxins present on bacterial wall and many other inflammatory agents bind to a co-receptor (CD14) on the surface of specific immune cells like macrophages, resulting in their activating (J.C. Lee et al., 1996). LPS also bind to LPS- grooming proteins which are produced by the liver. These proteins expedite LPS binding to the CD14 co-receptor of the macrophages. The CD14 co-receptor is touch off through the binding of LPS to a toll-like molecule (TLR4), (Re F, Strominger J. Et al., 2001) which is responsible for initiating the transmembrane signaling. TLR2 molecules act in the same way as TLR4, (Leppper PM et al., 2002) though these are activated by gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and yeast. Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus have further additional wall fragments such as peptidoglycan (PepG) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Both PepG and LTA have been shown to synergise to produce the characteristic features of septic shock, MODS and ultimately death in rodent models (S.J. De Kimpe et al., 1995 and G.M. Millar et al., 1997). These effects were not observed with either LTA or peptidoglycan alone, although high doses of LTA can cause circulatory failure but not MODS (S.J. De Kimpe et al., 1995). Gram-positive bacteria may also release other enterotoxins and exotoxins, for example toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, which are involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis (reviewed in (R.C. Bone et al., 1994)).The additional fragments released by Gram-positive bacteria bind to unknown receptors however, like LPS binding, cause the release of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-1, and IFN-? (Thiemermann, 1997, Titheradge, 1999). These cytokines as well as IL-6 are often produced in response to i mmune stimulation of macrophages and monocytes hence also in septic shock patients.IL-1 and TNF each occur in two forms, a and . TNF- a and both forms of IL-1 are made by activated monocytes and macrophages, whereas TNF- is made by activated T lymphocytes (Review by J. Saklatvala et al., 1996). There are two receptors for both IL-1 and TNF and the two forms of each cytokine interact with the same receptors. IL-1 a and interact with the type 1 IL-1 receptor for signal transduction, whereas type II does not appear to transmit any signal and functions as an inhibitor of IL-1 action (J. Saklatvala et al., 1996). The two types of TNF receptor, p55 (type I) and p75 (type II) have different end effects p75 mediates the proliferative actions of TNF- a while p55 receptor signals the inflammatory response and apoptosis (J. Saklatvala et al., 1996). Complex interactions between these different mediators produce intense pathophysiological modification, which eventually lead to diffuse tissue injury and ultimately sequential system failure (multiple organ dysfunction syndrome), which accounts for the majority of deaths among patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock (Beal Cerra, 1994).IL-1 and TNF-a have a very short half life compared to IL-6 and therefore IL-6 is a very good indicator of cytokinemia. The initial studies of septic shock, showed a very strong positive correlation between IL-6 levels and fatal outcome (Casey L. Et al., 1993). NO is equally a very short lived molecule with an estimated in vivo half life of only 0.1 seconds hence again it is hard to measure its levels in order to detect the severity of cytokinemia hence the severity of sepsis or septic shock. There are several molecules that stomach to the pro and anti-inflammatory responses in septic shock (Table 4) however I shall only focus on a few due to the limited word allowance.In response to inflammatory agents in septic shock, the released cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1, and IFN- ?), bind to their specific receptors activating a protein kinase called tyrosine kinase leading to both the activation of the nuclear factor-kB (NF-?B) (a transcription factor) and the phosphorylation of intracellular protein (Gao et al., 2008). A precise mechanism by which these cytokines act was proposed by J. Saklatvala et al. in 1996 however this has yet to be confirmed.Nitric oxide producing cells contain I-?B which is an inhibitor of NF-?B. For the activation of NF-?B, proteolytic cleavage of I-?B from NF-?B is required which forms NF-?B. This biological change allows the activated NF-?B to translocate to the nucleus, where it binds to the promoter region of the iNOS gene inducing transcription. It has also been reported to induce other inflammatory agents, such as cytokines and leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules (Janssen-Heininger et al., 2000). Tyrosine kinase present inside the cell acts as a messenger molecule involved in the proteolytic cleavage of I-?B/NF-?B and hence in the a ctivation of NF-?B and iNOS expression (Hecker M, et al., 1996). In septic shock, the translated products of iNOS mRNA subsequently assemble forming the iNOS protein which in turn causes local NO proliferation (Thiemermann, 1997). Fig 2 shows the signal transduction pathway of iNOS expression in response to inflammatory agents.The physiological role of iNOS is to enhance the composition of NO (due to iNOS activity), which in turn may contribute to either the pathophysiology of septic shock (clinbical symptoms) or the host defence (Reviewed in Gao et al., 2008). Fig 3 shows a simplified schematic of the Anti Inflammatory cascade in the context of septic shock.Excess NO produced by iNOS has been reported to both induce and inhibit NF-?B (Kalra et al., 2000 Umansky et al., 1998). In year 2000, it was proposed that low levels of NO may induce further NO production while high concentrations do the opposite exhibiting a feedback mechanisms that would play off the over expression of gene s regulated by NF-?B (Janssen-Heininger et al., 2000). In addition NO at high concentrations competes with O2 at the active site of NOS, and so providing a feedback mechanism of its own synthesis (Griscavage et al., 1995 Rengasamy Johns, 1993).Biological Synthesis of Nitric Oxide (Nitric Oxide Synthases)NOS structure and substrates for NO productionIn mammals, NO is exclusively formed from the enzymatic oxidation of one terminal guanidino nitrogen of the amino acid L-arginine. When expressed in moles, this reaction utilizes 1 mol each of arginine and O2, and 1.5 mol of NADPH, yielding 1 mol of NO, 1 mol of L-citrulline and 1.5 mol of NADP (R.G. Knowles et al., 1994). The reaction sequence involves the generation of an Ng-hydroxy-L-arginine intermediate, followed by the oxidation of Ng-hydroxy-L-arginine in presence of molecular oxygen to form L-citrulline and NO (Dennis J. Stuehr et al., 1991 and R.G. Knowles et al., 1994).The enzymes that accelerate the reaction above are a famil y of relatively large heme proteins known as NO synthase (NOS) which resemble cytochrome P450 structurally (M. M. Chan et al., 2001 and Francois Feihl, 2001) (The general mechanism of NO production from NOS is illustrated in Fig 4). All members of this family share a similar homodimeric structure, where each monomer consists of a an oxygenase domain and a reductase domain, separated by a short amino acids (30aa) sequence for the attachment of the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin. In addition to calmodulin attachment, enzymatic activity requires the presence of four cofactors FAD, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), and heme (Francois Feihl, 2001). Fig 5 shows the general structure of the NOS enzymes.Nitric Oxide Synthase isoforms and their locus in the Human BodyThere are three known isoforms of NOS, each the product of a different gene neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS-1), inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS-2), and endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS-3). nNOS and eNOS were first descr ibed in rat cerebellum and bovine aortic endothelial cells, respectively, but their tissue dispersion is far wider than suggested by their names. eNOS and nNOS are involved in regulating vascular tone (R.G. Knowles et al.,1992 and S. Moncada et al., 1991) and neurotransmission respectively, whereas iNOS is involved in the immune defence although it is expressed in many cell types following endotoxin or pro inflammatory cytokine treatment (R.G. Knowles et al., 1994).nNOS is typically expressed in skeletal muscle and myenteric plexuses. eNOS is ubiquitous in vascular endothelium, but may also be found in the kidney tubular epithelial cells, placenta (Forstermann et al., 1995), and neurons (Nathan Xie, 1994). In these tissues, the expression of nNOS and eNOS is constitutive, although it may be regulated (Michel Feron, 1997). For instance, the levels of transcript for eNOS in vascular endothelial cells is increased by shear stress (Topper et al., 1996 Uematsu et al., 1995) and exerci se (Wang et al., 1997), reduced by inflammatory stimuli such as TNF-a (Nathan Xie, 1994) and variably affected by hypoxia (Le Cras et al., 1998 Toporsian et al., 2000). In the physiological state, the iNOS isoform is only present at a few locations, notably the respiratory epithelium, the gravid uterus (Nathan Xie, 1994), and perhaps the ileal mucosa (Hoffman et al., 1997). iNOS expression has been demonstrated in numerous cell types including macrophages, neutrophils, vascular endothelial (Hoffmann et al., 1999), smooth muscle cells, endocardium, myocardium, fibroblast, mesangial cells, renal tubular epithelium (Kunz et al., 1994), neurons, hepatocytes, pancreatic islet cells and astrocytes (Nathan Xie, 1994). iNOS can be induced by a number factors including UV light cyclic AMP-elevating agents trauma ozone and bacterial products described earlier (see section). On the other hand, many endogenous agents may oppose cytokine induction of iNOS. These include anti-inflammatory cyto kines such as IL-10, chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and growth factors such as tumor growth factor- (Forstermann et al., 1995). In all NOS isoforms, calmodulin binding is an absolutely vital for enzymatic activity. In the cases of eNOS and nNOS, this binding necessitates relatively high concentrations of Ca2+ (see Fig 7), in the range of 0.1-1 mM (Forstermann et al., 1995). In contrast, iNOS is able to bind calmodulin most independant of Ca2+ (Table 2). Therefore, once iNOS is expressed, NO synthesis may only be limited by the availability of substrates and cofactors (J. Stuehr, 1990). As NO produced from iNOS predominantly depends only on iNOS expression, it lasts much longer than NO formed from the other isoforms of NOS. In addition iNOS produces much higher concentrations of Ca2+ compared to the consecutive forms of NOS (Cobb et al., 1996). The production of NO by eNOS and nNOS, compared to iNOS, can be controlled relatively easily by decreasing or increas ing intracellular Ca2+, whereas iNOS can only be controlled through transcription (Cobb et al., 1996). In most cell types iNOS protein levels are either very low or undetectable. However, stimulation of these cells by cytokines or growth factors, can lead to increased transcription of the iNOS gene, with subsequent production of NO. On the other hand, for the prevention of iNOS expression through endotoxins, TGF- (Szabo, 1995) and anti inflammatory glucocorticoids can be administered which lower the magnitude of vascular hyporeactivity. Glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone inhibit iNOS activity by blocking arginine transport and inhibiting tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis (A.J.B. Brady et al., 1992 and Thiemermann C et al., 1993).Regulation of NO productionIn the normal as well as in extreme physiological states (e.g. during infection), nitric oxide is considered as one of the most important signalling molecules in vivo. It is however also highly reactive and highly diffusible due to it being a free radical (one unpaired electron) (see fig 8). It is therefore important that there is strict control and regulation of nitric oxide production. The synthesis of NO within cells can be regulated in several ways such as the cellular distribution of NOS, changes in NOS gene expression, enzymatic activation by phosphorylation and the presence of cellular inhibitors NOS activity.Intracellular distribution of NOSNitric oxide is principally regulated through strict control over the location of NO production.The NOS isoforms can be targeted to different regions of the cell, where NO will be produced in close contact with its target proteins. The motion picture below shows the distribution of iNOS (shown in green in image 1) and eNOS (shown in red) in a trophoblast cell. The nucleus is shown in blue. Co-localisation between iNOS and eNOS will show up as a yellow colour (Phil Dash, University of Reading).The image shows that eNOS and iNOS are fairly variably distributed ins ide the cell, with hardly any yellow colour suggesting very little overlap in their cellular distribution (Phil Dash, University of Reading).Although both iNOS and eNOS produce NO it is likely that their different cellular distribution will lead to NO interacting with different targets and therefore having different effects (Phil Dash, University of Reading).It is very likely that the distribution of NOS isoforms is an important mechanism for regulating when and where NO is produced. Therefore the current research on NOS mainly focuses on how endogenous signals trigger NOS transport and redistribution (Rahul S. Koti et al., 2005).energizing of NOS activityNOS enzyme synthesis is principally regulated by changes in intracellular calcium levels. The constitutive isoforms of NOS, (eNOS and nNOS) have shown to proliferate following increases in Ca2+, and therefore calmodulin levels, in the cell (Rameau et al., 2003). Additionally both nNOS and

President Bill Clinton Was Responsible For 9/11 :: essays research papers

The Clinton administration was at fault for the 9/11 attacks. During the rowing of his presidency, Bill Clinton had more than a single chance to catch those responsible for the 9/11 tragedy. During his term of 8 years, Clinton had seen a fair share of terrorist attacks, whole of which were quickly forgotten. Clinton not only sparked the attack on the World Trade Center, but he may very well have sparked hatred towards the unify States by many of the Middle Eastern countries.In 1993, the World Trade Center was attacked from the basement floor by a bomb in a truck. Six people were killed, while unrivalled thousand were injured. (A Synopsis Clinton Set The Stage for 911) Bill Clinton, to involved with interns to analyse, did not do anything about the attack. Clinton did decide to investigate the event, only it was two years after it had happened. Now in 1995, investigators found that Usama Bin take had been in charge of the 1993 attack. Once the news was released about this inform ation, the kingdom of Sudan came to the United States telling us that they could get us Usama Bin pixilated if we wanted to press charges against him. Bill Clinton was reported as saying Usama Bin Laden is not a threat to the United States. He was reported saying this in the year 1995, after he found out that Bin Laden was responsible for the acts. However, Clinton did take action in 1998, in which he bombed a Sudanese aspirin factory, which he claimed held chemical weapons, on the eve of the Monica Lewinsky trial. This killed hundreds of innocent workers in the factory. If any one act inspired hatred towards America, that was it. (A Synopsis Clinton Set the Stage for 911) With each terrorist attack, Clinton went before the American people on more than one occasion saying those responsible would be hunted down and punished (Sept. 11 Bill Clintons Ultimate Legacy) However, which each terrorist attack, Clinton backed down, showing negligence towards himself and his administration. Another example of Clintons lack of knowledge in foreign affairs can be seen in Iraq. After the Bush administration discomfited Hussein in 1991, he ordered that UN officials be stationed in Iraq to make sure that Hussein would be incapable of creating weapons of mass destruction. Under the Clinton administration, the UN officials were told to leave immediately, deviation Hussein to create weapons at his leisure.

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s All the Sad Young Men Essays -- Fitzgerald Sad Y

F. Scott Fitzgeralds All the Sad Young Men F. Scott Fitzgeralds All the Sad Young Men was his 6th book. The work was composed of nine short stories that had been published in magazines such as the Saturday Evening Post over the course of the previous form. The work was Fitzgeralds third short story collection and followed the Great Gatsby in publication on the 26th of February 1926. To most, this book signaled Fitzgeralds staying power as many of his seniors had believed that his sign success as a writer was lucky. They did not take Fitzgerald seriously as an author. On the whole, critics valued the work and praised some of the stories as the best Fitzgerald had scripted to date. The collection of short stories in All the Sad Young Men included The Rich Boy, Winter Dreams, The Baby Party, Absolution, Rags Martin-Jones and the Pr-nce of W-les, The Adjuster, Hot and Cold Blood, The Sensible Thing, Gretchens xl Winks. Of these, Absolution was widely considered to be the best as it was an artistic piece as opposed to the ones that the critics claimed Fitzgerald wrote to sell. Absolution is a story about an eleven year old boy and a priest even those who did not like this collection wrote favorably about this story. One critic said of Absolution, Yet, it must be said, immediately, that Absolution is a penetrating and profound effort to articulate life in primal and dark conflict. It is simple and stripped of all artifice. The poet and humanist in Fitzgerald is in this counting of the search of a boy and an elderly priest for absolute truth, in the conflicting presence of the demands of daily life with its common everydayness of people and trivial affairs.1 ... ...cal jazz age mold and reached new audiences. Fitzgerald also received the common criticism that he was writing to sell many critics snarl that Absolution and The Rich Boy with a few others from the selection were the only works of merit. Bibliography ed. Bryer, capital of M ississippi R. F. Scott Fitzgerald The Critical Reception. Burt Franklin & Co., Inc. 1978. http//www.people.vcu.edu/bmangum/asymcr.html. (This site is not very informative.) http//www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/collection/dustjackets/sadmen.html. (Dust jacket) 1 Bryer, Jackson R. Pg. 258.2 IBID. Pg. 259.3 IBID. Pg. 2534 IBID. 5 http//www.georgetown.edu/tamlit/collections/fitzwrks.htmldreams6 IBID. Pg. 260.7 IBID. Pg. 258.8 IBID. Pg. 259.9 IBID. Pg. 261.10 IBID. Pg. 261.11 IBID. Pg. 270.12 IBID. Pg. 269.